Siege of Jerusalem
636 CE.
Shown on the map at 31.783°, 35.217°.
Between 636 and 637/38, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Rashidun Caliphate took Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire. It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubayda, besieged Jerusalem in November 636. After six months, Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender, on condition that he submit only to the caliph. In 637 or 638, Caliph Umar (r. 634–644) traveled to Jerusalem in person to receive the submission of the city. The patriarch thus surrendered to him. The Muslim conquest of the city solidified Arab control over Palestine, which remained part of various Sunni caliphates until the Shia-led Fatimid Caliphate took over in 969. In 1073 the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, and Christian rulers regained control at the time of the First Crusade in 1099.
Text from the Wikipedia article Siege of Jerusalem (636–637), licensed CC BY-SA 4.0.