Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Sajjad (Arabic: عَلِيٌّ بْنُ ٱلْحُسَيْنِ ٱلسَّجَّادُ, romanized: ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sajjād, c. 658 – c. 712), also known as Zayn al-Abidin (Arabic: زَيْنُ ٱلْعَابِدِينَ, romanized: Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn) was the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the fourth Imam in Shia Islam, succeeding his father Husayn, his uncle Hasan, and his grandfather Ali. Born around 658 in Medina, al-Sajjad survived the Battle of Karbala in 680, in which Husayn and his small caravan were brutally massacred by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid. After the battle, al-Sajjad and other survivors were treated poorly and taken to the Umayyad capital Damascus. Al-Sajjad was eventually allowed to return to his hometown of Medina, where he led a secluded life, without participating in the numerous pro-Alid uprisings against the Umayyads during the Second Fitna. Instead, he fully devoted his life to worship and learning, and was highly esteemed, even among proto-Sunnis, as a leading authority on hadith and Fiqh.
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